List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
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Military of the Ottoman Empire |
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This is a List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.
The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.[1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery.[2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.[4][5]
The Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
Rise (1299–1453)
[edit]- Ottoman victory
- Ottoman defeat
- Another result
Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1285 | Siege of Kulaca Hisar | Kayı tribe | Byzantine Empire | Victory[6][7]
|
1302 | Battle of Bapheus and Battle of Dimbos | Kayı tribe
|
Byzantine Empire | Victory
|
1317/1320–1326 | Siege of Bursa | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory
|
1328–1331 | Siege of Nicaea | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory |
1337 | Siege of Nicomedia | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory
|
1345–47 | Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 | Ottoman Empire (1345–1347) John VI Kantakouzenos Serbia (1342–1343) Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345) Beylik of Saruhan |
John V Palaiologos Anna of Savoy John XIV Kalekas Alexios Apokaukos Zealots of Thessalonica Serbia (1343–1347) Second Bulgarian Empire Principality of Karvuna |
Victory
|
1352–57 | Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 | Ottoman Empire (1345–1347) John VI Kantakouzenos Serbia (1342–1343) Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345) Beylik of Saruhan |
John V Palaiologos Anna of Savoy John XIV Kalekas Alexios Apokaukos Zealots of Thessalonica Serbia (1343–1347) Second Bulgarian Empire Principality of Karvuna |
Partial Defeat
|
1354 | Fall of Gallipoli | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory
|
1355 | Battle of Ihtiman | Ottoman Empire | Second Bulgarian Empire | Stalemate
|
1362 or 1369 | Ottoman conquest of Adrianople | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory
|
1364 | Battle of Sırpsındığı | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Wallachia Banate of Bosnia Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages |
Victory
|
1366–1526 | Ottoman-Hungarian wars
|
Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary
European allies:
|
Victory
|
1371 | Battle of Samokov | Ottoman Empire | Second Bulgarian Empire Moravian Serbia |
Victory |
1371 | Battle of Maritsa | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Empire | Victory[31] |
1371 | Byzantine civil war of 1373–79 | John V Palaiologos Ottoman Empire Republic of Venice |
Andronikos IV Palaiologos Savci Bey Republic of Genoa |
Victory |
1381-1384 | Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84) | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina Ottoman Empire |
Despotate of Arta | Defeat
|
1382-1385 | Zetan-Albania War | Princedom of Albania Ottoman Empire |
Lordship of Zeta | Victory
|
1382–1393 | Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria | Ottoman Empire | Bulgarian Empire | Victory
|
1385 | First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans | Ottoman Empire | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Defeat
|
1385 | Battle of Savra | Ottoman Empire Albanian Thopia family |
Principality of Zeta | Victory
|
1388 | Battle of Bileća | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Bosnia | Defeat
|
1389 | Battle of Kosovo (1389) | Ottoman Empire | Moravian Serbia District of Branković Kingdom of Bosnia Knights Hospitaller |
Unknown Result Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive[39][40][41][42][43][44] whereas some claim Victory[45][46][47][48] |
1389-1390 | Albanian-Epirote War of 1389–90[51] | Despotate of Epirus (all four battles) Thessaly (second battle) Ottoman Empire (third and fourth battles) |
Despotate of Arta (all four battles) Malakasi Tribe (second battle) |
Victory
|
1390 | Fall of Philadelphia | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Victory
|
1391 | Siege of Constantinople (1391) | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Hungary |
Stalemate
|
1394–1395 | Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia | Ottoman Empire | Wallachia | Tactical Defeat[52][53][54][55]
|
1394–1395 | Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire Crusade of Nicopolis Kingdom of France Republic of Venice |
Siege pulled[56][57] |
1396 | Crusade of Nicopolis | Ottoman Empire | Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Principality of Wallachia[60] |
Victory
|
1399–1402 | Ottoman-Timurid War | Ottoman Empire
Co-belligerant: |
Timurid Empire | Defeat
|
1402–1413 | Ottoman Interregnum | Mehmed Çelebi Serbian Despotate |
İsa Çelebi
Süleyman Çelebi |
Mehmed Victory
|
1402 | Battle of Tripolje | Ottoman Empire District of Branković |
Serbian Despotate | Defeat
|
1404 | Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin | Suleyman Çelebi | Prince Fruzhin Tsar Konstantin II |
Victory
|
1411 | Siege of Constantinople (1411) | Musa Çelebi | Byzantine Empire Mehmed Çelebi |
Defeat
|
1414 | Ottoman-Gjirokastër War | Ottoman Empire | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Victory
|
1416 | Battle of Gallipoli (1416) | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Venice | Defeat
|
1416–1420 | Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin | Ottoman Empire | Sheikh Bedreddin | Victory
|
1418 | Second Ottoman-Gjirokastër War | Ottoman Empire | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Victory
|
1422 | Siege of Constantinople (1422) | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire | Defeat
|
1422–1430 | Siege of Thessalonica | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire
|
Victory
|
1421–1522 | 2nd Conquest of Anatolia | Ottoman Empire | Beylik of Karaman Beylik of Isfendiyar Beylik of Aydin Empire of Trebizond Sultanate of Eretna Beylik of Teke Byzantine Empire Beyliks of Canik Beylik of Germiyan Beylik of Menteşe Beylik of Karasi Beylik of Saruhan |
Victory
|
1426–1428 | Ottoman-Hungarian War of 1426–1428 | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Serbian Despotate Wallachia |
Inconclusive
|
1428 | Siege of Golubac | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages[68] Wallachia[60] Grand Duchy of Lithuania |
Victory
|
1432–1436 | Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 | Ottoman Empire | Various Albanian rebels | Victory
|
1432–1479 | Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)
|
Ottoman Empire | 1443–44: Kastrioti Family Arianiti Family 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79:
Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only) |
Victory
Initial Albanian victory
Eventual Ottoman victory
|
1440 | Siege of Belgrade (1440) | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Serbian Despotate |
Defeat |
1440–1441 | Siege of Novo Brdo | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate | Victory |
1443–1444 | Crusade of Varna | Ottoman Empire | Poland Middle Ages Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Kingdom of Croatia Grand Duchy of Lithuania Serbian Despotate Crown of Bohemia Principality of Wallachia Bulgarian rebels Kingdom of Bosnia Papal States Teutonic Knights Duchy of Burgundy Republic of Venice Republic of Ragusa |
Victory
|
1447–1448 | Albanian–Venetian War | Ottoman Empire
|
League of Lezhë | Defeat
|
1448 | Battle of Kosovo (1448) | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Poland Middle Ages Principality of Wallachia Principality of Moldavia |
Victory |
1453 | Fall of Constantinople | Ottoman Empire | Byzantine Empire Genoese volunteers Venetian volunteers Sicilian volunteers Papal States Ottoman defectors |
Victory
|
Classical Age (1453–1566)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1454 | Battle of Leskovac | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate | Defeat |
1454 | Battle of Kruševac | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate | Defeat
|
1455 | Siege of Trepča | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate | Victory
|
1455 | Siege of Novo Brdo (1455) | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate | Victory
|
1455 | Siege of Berat (1455)[74] | Ottoman Empire | League of Lezhë | Victory
|
1456 | Siege of Belgrade (1456) | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Serbian Despotate Crusader peasant and local gentry recruits |
Defeat
|
1459 | Siege of Smederevo (1459) | Ottoman Empire | Serbian Despotate | Victory
|
1460 | Siege of Amasra | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Genoa | Victory
|
1461 | Siege of Trebizond (1461) | Ottoman Empire | Empire of Trebizond | Victory
|
1462 | Night attack at Târgoviște | Ottoman Empire | Wallachia | Inconclusive |
1462 | Ottoman conquest of Lesbos | Ottoman Empire | Gattilusio lordship of Lesbos Knights Hospitaller |
Victory
|
1463–1479 | First Ottoman-Venetian war | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Venice Papal States League of Lezhë Principality of Zeta Kingdom of Hungary Knights Hospitaller Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Naples Aq Qoyunlu Duchy of Burgundy Holy Roman Empire Principality of Moldavia Kingdom of Croatia Duchy of Saint Sava Kingdom of France Republic of Ragusa Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crown of Castile Florence Karamanids Maniots Greek rebels |
Victory
|
1463 | Siege of Jajce | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Republic of Venice Kingdom of Bosnia Republic of Ragusa (logistics, goods)[78] Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries |
Victory
|
1473 | Battle of Otlukbeli | Ottoman Empire | Aq Qoyunlu | Victory[79]
|
1473–79 | Moldavian War of Mehmed II | Ottoman Empire Wallachia[80] |
Moldavia Transylvania |
Defeat
|
1475 | Crimean Campaign (1475) | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Genoa | Victory
|
1479 | Battle of Breadfield | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Serbian Despotate Wallachia[80] |
Defeat[81]
|
1480 | First Ottoman siege of Rhodes | Ottoman Empire | Knights Hospitaller | Defeat
|
1480–1481 | Invasion of Otranto | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Naples Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Hungary Papal States Kingdom of Portugal[82] |
Defeat
|
1481–1484 | Albanian Uprisings of 1481–1484 | Ottoman Empire | Albanian rebels Kastrioti family Dukagjini Family Muzaka family |
Inconclusive
|
1484–1486 | Moldavian War of Bayezid II | Ottoman Empire Wallachia[80] |
Moldavia Transylvania |
Victory
|
1484–1486 | Mamluk War of Bayezid II | Ottoman Empire | Mamluks | Stalemate
|
1485–1503 | Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) | Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Moldavia |
Poland Middle Ages Duchy of Masovia Teutonic Knights Grand Duchy of Lithuania |
Victory
|
1490–1494 | War of the Hungarian Succession | Ottoman Empire | John Corvinus
|
Victory
|
1493–1593 | Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
|
Ottoman Empire | Until 1526: Kingdom of Croatia Kingdom of Hungary From 1527: |
Inconclusive
|
1497–1499 | Moldavian Campaign | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Poland | Victory
|
1499–1503 | Second Ottoman-Venetian War | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Venice Spanish Empire |
Victory
|
1505–17 | Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts | Mamluk Sultanate
Indian states: Supported by: |
Portuguese Empire
Supported by: |
Defeat
|
1505 | Campaign of Trabzon (1505) | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1507 | Battle of Erzincan (1507) | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1507–42 | Ajuran-Portuguese wars | Ajuran Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | Defeat |
1508 | Georgian campaign (1508) | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Imereti | Victory |
1508–1573 | Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts | Gujarat Sultanate
Supported by: |
Portuguese Empire | Defeat
|
1509–1513 | Ottoman Civil War (1509–13) | Şehzade Selim | Şehzade Ahmet
|
Victory for Selim
|
1510 | Campaign of Trabzon (1510) | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1514 | Battle of Chaldiran | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Ottoman Military Victory[94][95] however some sources claim Political Stalemate[96]
|
1514 | Capture of Bayburt (1514) | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1515 | Siege of Kemah | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1515 | Battle of Tekiryaylağı | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1515–1577 | Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577
|
Ottoman Empire France (until 1538) |
Holy Roman Empire | In North Africa Ottoman victory In Mediterranean Inconclusive |
1515 | Battle of Turnadağ | Ottoman Empire | Beylik of Dulkadir | Victory
|
1516–1517 | Second Ottoman-Mamluk War | Ottoman Empire | Mamluks | Victory |
1516 | Siege of Harput (1516) | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1516 | Battle of Koçhisar | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1517 | Capture of Mosul (1517) | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1517 | Siege of Jeddah | Ottoman Empire Mamluks |
Portuguese Empire | Victory |
1518 | Fall of Tlemcen | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Tlemcen | Victory
|
1519–1610 | Celali rebellions | Ottoman Empire | Celali | Victory
|
1519–1639 | Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts | Aceh Sultanate Supported by: | Portuguese Empire
Supported by:
|
Inconclusive |
1521 | 3rd Ottoman Siege of Belgrade | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages | Victory
|
1521 | Siege of Šabac (1521) | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Victory
|
1522 | 2nd Ottoman Siege of Rhodes | Ottoman Empire | Knights Hospitaller Republic of Venice |
Victory |
1523 | Expedition to Kamaran | Ottoman Empire | Portuguese Empire | Victory
|
1526 | Battle of Mohács | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary Middle Ages Kingdom of Croatia |
Victory
|
1526–1791 | Ottoman-Habsburg wars
In Hungary and Balkans
In Mediterranean
|
Ottoman Empire Vassals: |
Habsburg Dynasty:
Spanish Empire
|
Inconclusive
End of Ottoman expansion |
1527–28 | Hungarian Campaign of Ferdinand I | Ottoman Empire Moldavia Eastern Hungarian Kingdom |
Habsburg Austria Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Croatia Royal Hungary Rascians |
Defeat
|
1529 | Hungarian Campaign of Suleiman I | Ottoman Empire Moldavia Eastern Hungarian Kingdom |
Habsburg Austria Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Croatia Royal Hungary Rascians |
Victory
|
1529–43 | Ethiopian–Adal War | Adal Sultanate | Ethiopian Empire
Portuguese Empire (1541–43) |
Stalemate and Status quo ante bellum
|
1529 | 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna | Ottoman Empire | Holy Roman Empire
Spanish Empire |
Defeat
|
1530–52 | Little War in Hungary | Ottoman Empire
Moldavia |
Holy Roman Empire | Victory
|
1531 | Battle of al-Shihr (1531) | Ottoman Empire Kathiri Sultanate |
Portuguese Empire | Victory |
1532–55 | 2nd Ottoman–Safavid War | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1533 | Expedition of Irakeyn | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Victory
|
1534 | Ottoman conquest of Tunis | Ottoman Empire | Hafsid dynasty | Victory
|
1535 | Habsburgian conquest of Tunis | Ottoman Empire Kingdom of France |
Holy Roman Empire
Hafsid dynasty |
Defeat
|
1536–38 | Italian War of 1536–1538 | Ottoman Empire | Holy Roman Empire Spain |
Inconclusive
|
1536–37 | Siege of Klis | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Croatia Holy Roman Empire Papal States |
Victory
|
1537–40 | Third Ottoman-Venetian war | Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers |
Holy League: Republic of Venice Spanish Empire |
Victory
|
1538–1560 | Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1557)
|
Ottoman Empire | Portuguese Empire | Stalemate |
1542–46 | Italian War of 1542–1546 | Ottoman Empire | Holy Roman Empire | Inconclusive
|
1543 | Battle of Karagak | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Imereti | Defeat |
1545 | Battle of Sokhoista | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria |
Victory |
1547 | Ottoman invasion of Guria | Ottoman Empire | Principality of Guria | Victory
|
1551–1559 | Spanish-Ottoman War (1550–1560) | Ottoman Empire | Spain Knights of Malta |
Victory
|
1551 | Ottoman conquest of Tripolitania | Ottoman Empire | Order of Saint John | Victory
|
1551 | Invasion of Gozo | Ottoman Empire | Order of Saint John Maltese civilians |
Victory
|
1551–59 | Italian War of 1551–1559 | Ottoman Empire Kingdom of France |
Holy Roman Empire | Inconclusive
|
1552 | Hungarian Campaign of 1552 | Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive | |
1554/1557–1589 | Ottoman conquest of Habesh | Ottoman Empire | Ethiopian Empire | Victory
|
1554–1576 | Ottoman expeditions to Morocco | Ottoman Empire
Wattasid Sultanate (1554) Abd al-Malik Forces (1576) |
Saadi Sultanate | Victory |
1557 | Campaign of Tlemcen (1557) | Ottoman Empire | Saadi Sultanate | Victory
|
1558–66 | Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1558–1566) | Ottoman Empire | Portuguese Empire | Inconclusive due to Suleiman the Magnificent death
|
1558 | Battle of Djerba | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Genoa Spanish Empire |
Victory |
1565–1898 | Spanish conquest of the Philippines | Sultanate of Sulu Sultanate of Maguindanao Confederation of sultanates in Lanao Supported by: |
Spanish Empire | Inconclusive |
1565 | Great Siege of Malta | Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Beni Abbas[128][129] |
Defeat
| |
1566 | Siege of Szigetvár | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg Empire | Victory
|
Transformation (1566–1703)
[edit]Old Regime (1703–1789)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1710–1711 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Tsardom of Russia | Victory
|
1713 | Skirmish at Bender | Ottoman Empire | Swedish Empire | Victory
|
1714–1718 | Ottoman–Venetian War | Ottoman Empire | Republic of Venice Austria (from 1716) Portugal Order of Malta Papal States Kingdom of Spain[146] Himariotes |
Victory
|
1716–1718 | Austro-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg Monarchy | Defeat
|
1722–1730 | Syunik rebellion | Ottoman Empire | Armenian Rebels | Defeat |
1726–1727 | Ottoman–Hotaki War | Ottoman Empire | Hotaki dynasty | Both sides make gains
|
1730–1735 | Ottoman–Safavid War | Ottoman Empire | Safavid Empire | Defeat
|
1730 | Patrona Halil | Ottoman Empire | Patrona Halil | Tulip Period is ended
|
1732 | Spanish reconquest of Oran | Regency of Algiers Ottoman Empire |
Kingdom of Spain | Defeat
|
1735–1739 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russian Empire Cossack Hetmanate |
Inconclusive
|
1737–1739 | Austro-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg monarchy | Victory
|
1743–1746 | Ottoman–Afsharid War | Ottoman Empire | Afsharid dynasty | Inconclusive
|
1757 | Battle of Khresili | Ottoman Empire | Kingdom of Imereti | Defeat
|
1768–1774 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire Crimea |
Russia |
Defeat
|
1769–1772 | Danish–Algerian War | Deylik of Algiers Ottoman Empire |
Denmark–Norway | Victory |
1770 | Orlov Revolt | Ottoman Empire | Greeks Supported by: Russia |
Victory
|
1770 | Invasion of Mani (1770) | Ottoman Empire | Mani | Defeat
|
1775–1776 | Ottoman–Zand War | Ottoman Empire | Zand Iran | Defeat |
1787–1791 | Austro-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg monarchy | Inconclusive
|
1787–1792 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russia | Defeat
|
Decline and modernization (1789–1908)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1806–1812 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russia | Defeat
|
1807–1809 | Anglo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | United Kingdom | Victory
|
1804–1813 | First Serbian Uprising | Ottoman Empire Bosnia Eyalet Pashalik of Scutari Pashalik of Yanina |
Serbia
Supported by: |
Victory |
1811–1818 | Ottoman-Saudi War | Ottoman Empire | Diriyah | Victory
|
1813–1836 | Rawandiz Revolt | Ottoman Empire
|
Soran Emirate | Defeat
|
1815–1817 | Second Serbian Uprising | Ottoman Empire | Serbian rebels | Defeat
|
1820-1824 | Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan | Ottoman Empire | Sennar Sultanate Shayqih Kingdom Sultanate of Darfur |
Ottoman-Egyptian military victory
|
1821 | Wallachian Revolution of 1821 | Ottoman Empire
|
Wallachia (revolutionary)
|
Ottoman military victory, Wallachian political victory
|
1821–1832 | Greek War of Independence | Ottoman Empire | Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionaries After 1822: Hellenic Republic Supported by: Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers |
Defeat
|
1821–1823 | Ottoman–Persian War of 1821 | Ottoman Empire | Qajar Iran | Defeat
|
1828–1829 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russia | Defeat
|
1830–1903 | French conquest of Algeria | Ottoman Empire | France | Defeat |
1831–1832 | Bosnian Uprising of 1831–1832 | Ottoman Empire | Bosnian Landlords | Victory
|
1831–1833 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire | Egypt Eyalet | Defeat
|
1832-1848 | Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts | Ottoman Empire | Ethiopian Empire | Inconclusive
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels | Defeat
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër | Ottoman Empire | Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels[153] |
Defeat
|
1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Defeat
|
1834 | Albanian Revolt of 1834 | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Defeat
|
1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Victory
|
1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania | Ottoman Empire | Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements:[153] Kosovar Rebels Volunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers |
Defeat
|
1836 | Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Inconclusive
|
1836 | Expedition to Najd (1836) | Ottoman Empire | Emirate of Najd | Victory
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat | Ottoman Empire | Mati Tribesmen | Inconclusive
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe | Ottoman Empire | Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Victory
|
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania | Ottoman Empire | Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Victory |
1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër | Ottoman Empire | Dibran Rebels | Defeat
|
1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Defeat
|
1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren | Ottoman Empire | Kosovar Rebels | Defeat
|
1839–1841 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire British Empire Austrian Empire Russia Prussia |
Egypt Eyalet France Spain |
Victory
|
1843–1844 | Uprising of Dervish Cara | Ottoman Empire | Dibran Rebels | Victory
|
1847 | Albanian Revolt of 1847 | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Victory
|
1848 | Wallachian Revolution of 1848 | Wallachia Ottoman Empire Russian Empire |
Revolutionaries | Counterrevolutionary victory
|
1852–1853 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Defeat
|
1852–1862 | Herzegovina Uprising (1852–1862) | Ottoman Empire | Rebels | Victory |
1853–1856 | Crimean War | Ottoman Empire France Britain[b] Sardinia[c] Supported by: Austrian Empire Caucasus Imamate[d] Circassia Abkhazia[c] |
Russian Empire
Kurdish rebels Greece[e] |
Victory |
1854 | Macedonian Revolution of 1854 | Ottoman Empire Supported By: France Britain |
Greek Revolutionaries Supported By: Greece |
Victory |
1858 | Battle of Grahovac | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Defeat |
1861–1862 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Victory |
1862 | First Zeitun Resistance | Ottoman Empire | Armenian fedayees | Defeat
|
1866–1869 | Cretan Revolt | Ottoman Empire | Greek Revolutionaries Supported by: Kingdom of Greece |
Victory
|
1874–1876 | Egyptian–Ethiopian War | Ottoman Empire | Ethiopian Empire | Defeat |
1875 | Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) | Ottoman Empire | Serb rebels
|
Victory
|
1876 | April Uprising | Ottoman Empire | Bulgarian revolutionaries | Victory
|
1876–1878 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Defeat
|
1876–1877 | First Serbian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire | Serbia
|
Defeat
|
1877–1878 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russia Romania |
Defeat
|
1877–1878 | Second Serbian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire | Serbia Russia |
Defeat |
1878 | Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ottoman Empire | Austria-Hungary | Defeat
|
1879-1882 | Urabi revolt | Ottoman Empire | Ahmed Urabi Egyptian rebel forces | Defeat |
1880 | Battle of Ulcinj (1880) | Ottoman Empire | Albanian irregulars | Victory
|
1881 | French conquest of Tunisia | Ottoman Empire | France | Defeat
|
1882 | Anglo-Egyptian War | Ottoman Empire | Britain | Defeat |
1893–1908 | Macedonian Struggle | Ottoman Empire Greek Kingdom Serbian Kingdom Romanian Kingdom |
Bulgarian Principality | Inconclusive
|
1893 | Ottoman–Qatari War | Ottoman Empire | Qatar | Defeat
|
1895–1896 | Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96) | Ottoman Empire | Hunchak Party | Defeat |
1897 | Greco-Turkish War of 1897 | Ottoman Empire | Greece | Victory |
1897–1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | Ottoman Empire | Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russian Empire Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16, 1898) |
Defeat
|
1903 | Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising | Ottoman Empire | IMARO SMAC Kruševo Republic Strandzha Commune |
Victory
|
1904 | Sasun Uprising | Ottoman Empire | Armenian fedayi | Victory |
1905 | Shoubak revolt | Ottoman Empire | Inhabitants of Shoubak | Victory
|
Dissolution (1908–1922)
[edit]Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1908 | Young Turk Revolution | Ottoman Imperial Government | Young Turks | Young Turks victory
|
1910 | Albanian Revolt of 1910 | Ottoman Empire | Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Dibran Rebels Malsor Tribesman Support: Kingdom of Serbia |
Victory
|
1911 | Albanian Revolt of 1911 | Ottoman Empire | Malsor Tribesman Shkodran Tribesmen |
Defeat
|
1911–1912 | Italo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Italy | Defeat
|
1912 | Albanian Revolt of 1912 | Ottoman Empire | Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels Dibran Rebels Central Albanian Muslims Tosk Rebels Mati Tribesmen Mirdita Tribesmen Ottoman Albanian Deserters Armaments Support: Kingdom of Montenegro Vocal Support: Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria British Empire |
Defeat
|
1912–1913 | First Balkan War | Ottoman Empire Circassian volunteers[163][164][165][166] Albanian volunteers and irregulars[167][168][169] |
Balkan League: | Defeat
|
1913 | Second Balkan War | Serbia
Ottoman Empire |
Bulgaria | Victory |
1914–1918 | World War I | Central Powers |
Allied Powers Russian Empire |
Defeat
|
1917–1923 | Russian Civil War | White movement
German Empire (1917–1918) |
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic |
Inconclusive |
1918–1920 | Armenian–Azerbaijani War | Azerbaijan (until April 1920) Ottoman Empire (1918) Republic of Aras (1918–1919) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (since April 1920)
|
Armenia |
Inconclusive |
1918-1923 | Occupation of Constantinople | Ottoman Empire | United Kingdom France Italy Greece United States[171] Japan[171] |
Temporary occupation
|
1919–1923 | Turkish War of Independence | Greece France Armenia (in 1920) United Kingdom Ottoman Empire (until 1922)
Georgia (in 1921) |
Turkish National Movement
Supported by: |
Partial Victory
|
See also
[edit]- List of wars involving Turkey
- List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire
- Sick man of Europe
- Eastern Question
Notes
[edit]- ^ The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.[127]
- ^ From 1854
- ^ a b From 1855
- ^ Until 1855
- ^ Until 1854
References
[edit]- ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.
- ^ Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9780850455113.
- ^ Streusand 2011, p. 83.
- ^ Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.
- ^ Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN 0-8050-4081-1.
- ^ Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 978-9754378689.
- ^ Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ^ "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)
- ^ Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171
- ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151.
- ^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
- ^ Battles of Poland: Varna (1443–1444), Kosovo (1448), Vaslui (1475), Mohács (1526)
- ^ Battles of Lithuania: Golubac (1428), Varna (1443–1444), Vaslui (1475)
- ^ Battles of HRE: Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
- ^ Battles of Papal States: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)
- ^ Battles of Aragon: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Naples: Otranto (1480–1481)
- ^ Battles of Venice: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Genoa: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Bulgaria: Nicopolis
- ^ Battles of France: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Knights of Rhodes: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Bosnia: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Savoy: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of England: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Teutonic Order: Nicopolis (1396), Varna (1443–1444)
- ^ Battles of Byzantium: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Castile: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Portugal: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Battles of Navarre: Nicopolis (1396)
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
- ^ Treadgold (1997), p. 780
- ^ "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, p. 385
- ^ Jovetić, Jovan (1985). Odjeci Srpske prošlosti: eseji, govori, polemike. Jovan Jovetić. p. 29.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 390.
- ^ Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 45. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.
- ^ Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-135-02982-1.
- ^ (Fine 1994, p. 410)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
- ^ (Emmert 1990, p. ?)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
- ^ Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
- ^ Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2.
Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
- ^ John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8.
The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
- ^ John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8.
The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
- ^ Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4.
Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
- ^ Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6.
1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
- ^ Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2.
In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
- ^ Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8.
The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
- ^ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 575.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 355.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 424
- ^ Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.
- ^ Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
- ^ Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.
- ^ Taeschner, Franz (1990). "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. 5 (1). Necmi Ülker, çev. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü: 296. ISSN 0257-4152.
- ^ Baştav 1989, p. 91.
- ^ Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
- ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- ^ a b The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- ^ Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- ^ Siege of Damascus (1400)
- ^ Timurid invasions of Georgia
- ^ Siege of Smyrna
- ^ a b c Purković 1978, p. 69.
- ^ Purković 1978, p. 69, Ruvarac 1879, p. 190
- ^ Purković 1978, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Tuchman, 548
- ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 104.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.
The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
- ^ Vojni muzej JNA (1957). Vesnik. Belgrade. p. 223.
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- ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. IB Tauris. p. 202. ISBN 9781845112875. "When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defense of the din ve devlet ve vatan in order to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization of their own, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies, and as a result foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent."
- ^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. ISBN 9798840949085.
The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania
- ^ Hall, Richard C. (4 January 2002). The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-134-58363-8. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912
- ^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino – Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
- ^ a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
- ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
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Further reading
[edit]- Odan, Serada. "Thread: List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
- "List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.