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Sodalite

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Sodalite
General
CategoryTectosilicates without zeolitic H2O
Formula
(repeating unit)		Na
8(Al
6Si
6O
24)Cl
2
IMA symbolSdl[1]
Strunz classification9.FB.10
Crystal systemCubic
Crystal classHextetrahedral (43m)
H–M symbol: (4 3m)
Space groupP43n
Unit cella = 8.876(6) Å; Z = 1
Identification
ColorRich royal blue, green, yellow, violet, white veining common
Crystal habitMassive; rarely as dodecahedra
TwinningCommon on {111} forming pseudohexagonal prisms
CleavagePoor on {110}
FractureConchoidal to uneven
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness5.5–6
LusterDull vitreous to greasy
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to translucent
Specific gravity2.27–2.33
Optical propertiesIsotropic
Refractive indexn = 1.483 – 1.487
Ultraviolet fluorescenceBright red-orange cathodoluminescence and fluorescence under LW and SW UV, with yellowish phosphorescence; may be photochromic in magentas
FusibilityEasily to a colourless glass; sodium yellow flame
SolubilitySoluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid
References[2][3][4][5]
Major varieties
HackmaniteTenebrescent; violet-red or green fading to white

Sodalite (/ˈsoʊ.dəˌlaɪt/ SOH-də-lyte) is a tectosilicate mineral with the formula Na
8(Al
6Si
6O
24)Cl
2, with royal blue varieties widely used as an ornamental gemstone. Although massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Sodalite is a member of the sodalite group with hauyne, nosean, lazurite and tugtupite.

The people of the Caral culture traded for sodalite from the Collao altiplano.[6] First discovered by Europeans in 1811 in the Ilimaussaq intrusive complex in Greenland, sodalite did not become widely important as an ornamental stone until 1891 when vast deposits of fine material were discovered in Ontario, Canada.

Structure

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The structure of sodalite was first studied by Linus Pauling in 1930.[7] It is a cubic mineral of space group P43n (space group 218) which consists of an aluminosilicate cage network with Na+ cations and chloride anions in the interframework. (There may be small amounts of other cations and anions instead.) This framework forms a zeolite cage structure. Each unit cell has two cavities, which have almost the same structure as the borate cage (B
24O
48)24−
 found in the zinc borate Zn
4O(BO
2)
6,[8] the beryllosilicate cage (Be
12Si
12O
48)24−
,[7] and the aluminate cage (Al
24O
48)24−
 in Ca
8(Al
12O
24)(WO
4)
2,[9] and as in the similar mineral tugtupite (Na
4AlBeSi
4O
12Cl) (see Haüyne#Sodalite group). There is one cavity around each chloride ion. One chloride is located at the corners of the unit cell, and the other at the centre. Each cavity has chiral tetrahedral symmetry, and the cavities around these two chloride locations are mirror images one of the other (a glide plane or a four-fold improper rotation takes one into the other). There are four sodium ions around each chloride ion (at one distance, and four more at a greater distance), surrounded by twelve SiO
4 tetrahedra and twelve AlO
4 tetrahedra. The silicon and aluminum atoms are located at the corners of a truncated octahedron with the chloride and four sodium atoms inside.[8] (A similar structure called "carbon sodalite" may occur as a very high pressure form of carbon — see illustration in reference.[10]) Each oxygen atom links between an SiO
4 tetrahedron and an AlO
4 tetrahedron. All the oxygen atoms are equivalent, but one half are in environments that are enantiomorphic to the environments of the other half. The silicon atoms are at the location and symmetry-equivalent positions, and the aluminum ions at the location and symmetry-equivalent positions. The three silicon atoms and the three aluminum atoms listed above closest to a given corner of the unit cell form a six-membered ring of tetrahedra, and the four in any face of the unit cell form a four-membered ring of tetrahedra. The six-membered rings can serve as channels in which ions can diffuse through the crystal.[11]

The structure is a crumpled form of a structure in which the three-fold axes of each tetrahedron lie in planes parallel to the faces of the unit cell, thus putting half the oxygen atoms in the faces. As the temperature is raised the sodalite structure expands and uncrumples, becoming more like this structure. In this structure the two cavities are still chiral, because no indirect isometry centred on the cavity (i.e. a reflexion, inversion, or improper rotation) can superimpose the silicon atoms onto silicon atoms and the aluminum atoms onto aluminum atoms, while also superimposing the sodium atoms on other sodium atoms. A discontinuity of the thermal expansion coefficient occurs at a certain temperature when chloride is replaced by sulfate or iodide, and this is thought to happen when the framework becomes fully expanded or when the cation (sodium in natural sodalite) reaches the coordinates (et cetera).[11] This adds symmetry (such as mirror planes in the faces of the unit cell) so that the space group becomes Pm3n (space group 223), and the cavities cease to be chiral and take on pyritohedral symmetry. Natural sodalite holds primarily chloride anions in the cages, but they can be substituted by other anions such as sulfate, sulfide, hydroxide, trisulfur with other minerals in the sodalite group representing end member compositions. The sodium can be replaced by other alkali group elements, and the chloride by other halides. Many of these have been synthesized.[11]

The characteristic blue color arises mainly from caged S−3 and S4 clusters.[12]

Properties

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A sample of sodalite-carbonate pegmatite from Bolivia, with a polished rock surface.

A light, relatively hard yet fragile mineral, sodalite is named after its sodium content; in mineralogy it may be classed as a feldspathoid. Well known for its blue color, sodalite may also be grey, yellow, green, or pink and is often mottled with white veins or patches. The more uniformly blue material is used in jewellery, where it is fashioned into cabochons and beads. Lesser material is more often seen as facing or inlay in various applications.

Although somewhat similar to lazurite and lapis lazuli, sodalite rarely contains pyrite (a common inclusion in lapis) and its blue color is more like traditional royal blue rather than ultramarine. It is further distinguished from similar minerals by its white (rather than blue) streak. Sodalite's six directions of poor cleavage may be seen as incipient cracks running through the stone.

Most sodalite will fluoresce orange under ultraviolet light, and hackmanite exhibits tenebrescence.[13]

Stereo image
Left frame 
Right frame 
Parallel view ()
Cross-eye view ()
Small specimen of sodalite from Brazil.

Hackmanite

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Hackmanite dodecahedron from the Koksha Valley, Afghanistan

Hackmanite is a variety of sodalite exhibiting tenebrescence.[14] When hackmanite from Mont Saint-Hilaire (Quebec) or Ilímaussaq (Greenland) is freshly quarried, it is generally pale to deep violet but the color fades quickly to greyish or greenish white. Conversely, hackmanite from Afghanistan and the Myanmar Republic starts off creamy white but develops a violet to pink-red color in sunlight. If left in a dark environment for some time, the violet will fade again. Tenebrescence is accelerated by the use of longwave or, particularly, shortwave ultraviolet light.

Occurrence

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Sodalite was first described in 1811 for the occurrence in its type locality in the Ilimaussaq complex, Narsaq, West Greenland.[2]

Occurring typically in massive form, sodalite is found as vein fillings in plutonic igneous rocks such as nepheline syenites. It is associated with other minerals typical of silica-undersaturated environments, namely leucite, cancrinite and natrolite. Other associated minerals include nepheline, titanian andradite, aegirine, microcline, sanidine, albite, calcite, fluorite, ankerite and baryte.[4]

Hippo in sodalite, length 9 cm (3.5 in)

Significant deposits of fine material are restricted to but a few locales: Bancroft, Ontario (Princess Sodalite Mine), and Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, in Canada; and Litchfield, Maine, and Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in the US. The Ice River complex, near Golden, British Columbia, contains sodalite.[15] Smaller deposits are found in South America (Brazil and Bolivia), Portugal, Romania, Burma and Russia. Hackmanite is found principally in Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Greenland.

Euhedral, transparent crystals are found in northern Namibia and in the lavas of Vesuvius, Italy.

Sodalitite is a type of extrusive igneous rock rich in sodalite.[16] Its intrusive equivalent is sodalitolite.[16]

History

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The people of the Caral culture traded for sodalite from the Collao altiplano.[17]

Synthesis

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The mesoporous cage structure of sodalite makes it useful as a container material for many anions. Some of the anions known to have been included in sodalite-structure materials include nitrate,[18] iodide,[19] iodate,[20] permanganate,[21] perchlorate,[22] and perrhenate.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Warr, Laurence N. (June 2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. ^ a b Mindat with locations
  3. ^ Webmineral data
  4. ^ a b Handbook of Mineralogy
  5. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  6. ^ Sanz, Nuria; Arriaza, Bernardo T.; Standen, Vivien G., eds. (2015). The Chinchorro culture: a comparative perspective, the archaeology of the earliest human mummification. UNESCO Publishing. p. 162. ISBN 978-92-3-100020-1.
  7. ^ a b Linus Pauling (1930). "The Structure of Sodalite and Helvite". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 74 (1–6): 213–225. doi:10.1524/zkri.1930.74.1.213. S2CID 102105382.
  8. ^ a b P. Smith; S. Garcia-Blanco; L. Rivoir (1961). "A new structural type of metaborate anion". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 115 (1–6): 460–463. doi:10.1524/zkri.1961.115.16.460. S2CID 93970848.
  9. ^ W. Depmeier (1979). "Revised crystal data for the aluminate sodalite Ca
    8    [Al
    12    O
    24    ](WO
    4    )
    2    "    . Journal of Applied Crystallography. doi:10.1107/S0021889879013492.
  10. ^ Pokropivny, Alex; Volz, Sebastian (September 2012). "'C 8 phase': Supercubane, tetrahedral, BC-8 or carbon sodalite?". Physica Status Solidi B. 249 (9): 1704–1708. Bibcode:2012PSSBR.249.1704P. doi:10.1002/pssb.201248185. S2CID 96089478.
  11. ^ a b c Hassan, I.; Grundy, H. D. (1984). "The crystal structures of sodalite-group minerals". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 40 (1): 6–13. Bibcode:1984AcCrB..40....6H. doi:10.1107/S0108768184001683.
  12. ^ Chukanov, Nikita V.; Sapozhnikov, Anatoly N.; Shendrik, Roman Yu.; Vigasina, Marina F.; Steudel, Ralf (23 November 2020). "Spectroscopic and Crystal-Chemical Features of Sodalite-Group Minerals from Gem Lazurite Deposits". Minerals. 10 (11): 1042. Bibcode:2020Mine...10.1042C. doi:10.3390/min10111042.
  13. ^ Bettonville, Suzanne (25 March 2011). Rock Roles: Facts, Properties, and Lore of Gemstones. Lulu.com. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-257-03762-9.[self-published source?]
  14. ^ Kondo, D.; Beaton, D. (2009). "Hackmanite/Sodalite from Myanmar and Afghanistan" (PDF). Gems and Gemology. 45 (1): 38–43. doi:10.5741/GEMS.45.1.38.
  15. ^ Ice River deposit on Mindat
  16. ^ a b Le Maitre, R.W., ed. (2002). Igneous Rocks — A Classification and Glossary of Terms (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-521-66215-X.
  17. ^ Sanz, Nuria; Arriaza, Bernardo T.; Standen, Vivien G., eds. (2015). The Chinchorro culture: a comparative perspective, the archaeology of the earliest human mummification. UNESCO Publishing. p. 162. ISBN 978-92-3-100020-1.
  18. ^ Buhl, Josef-Christian; Löns, Jürgen (1996). "Synthesis and crystal structure of nitrate enclathrated sodalite Na8[AlSiO4]6(NO3)2". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 235: 41–47. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(95)02148-5.
  19. ^ Nakazawa, T.; Kato, H.; Okada, K.; Ueta, S.; Mihara, M. (2000). "Iodine Immobilization by Sodalite Waste Form". MRS Proceedings. 663. doi:10.1557/PROC-663-51.
  20. ^ Buhl, Josef-Christian (1996). "The properties of salt-filled sodalites. Part 4. Synthesis and heterogeneous reactions of iodate-enclathrated sodalite Na8[AlSiO4]6(IO3)2−x(OH·H2O)x; 0.7 < x < 1.3". Thermochimica Acta. 286 (2): 251–262. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(96)02971-1.
  21. ^ Brenchley, Matthew E.; Weller, Mark T. (1994). "Synthesis and structures of M8[ALSiO4]6·(XO4)2, M = Na, Li, K; X = Cl, Mn Sodalites". Zeolites. 14 (8): 682–686. doi:10.1016/0144-2449(94)90125-2.
  22. ^ Veit, Th.; Buhl, J.-Ch.; Hoffmann, W. (1991). "Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and structure refinement of chlorate- and perchlorate-sodalite". Catalysis Today. 8 (4): 405–413. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(91)87019-J.
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